A Website Called Maya s Hope - 1092 Words

In a website called Maya s Hope, they mention that in their orphanage the 85% of children of age seven and older who do not get adopted are put in institutional care. In this website they mention that only 1 out of 4 children are adopted legally, these include the children who have illnesses or major disabilities. It is hard for these children to get a home I if they have a bad past. According to Kendra Cherry, a graduate from Boise State University with a Master’s in education and a Bachelor in psychology from Idaho State University, explains the stages of life. Children are anywhere from birth until 11 years old (Cherry, 2016). This is when child abuse is more prevalent. But what happens when the child becomes an adolescent or a†¦show more content†¦The article suggests that there is a cascade effect when dealing with child abuse and the parents and how it can be passed on to the rest of the children. This would also suggest that it would be an unending cycle in which now the next set of parents would also be at risk to abuse their children. The authors though find something different. Yes, it is true that the abuse carries on in a certain fashion, but a form of abuse that most likely does not carry through but physical child abuse does. In the author s words, â€Å"In sum, mothers’ sexual abuse history was unrelated† (2015). When talking about the history of physical child abuse the mothers suffered the authors find â€Å"In sum, mothers’ physical abuse history was indirectly related to children’s internalizing problems.† (2015). The article also points out that this cycle of abuse keeps going in some form or another. The article states, â€Å"when mothers experience physical abuse in childhood, they are more vulnerable to experiencing depressive symptoms shortly after the birth of their child, which is in turn associated with children’s development of their own difficulties with mood and affect regulation.† (2015). This serves to back up the idea of an unbreakable cycle of abuse done by the parents and so

Marketing audit of Nike - 3562 Words

MARKETING AUDIT PROJECT ON: SUBMITTED BY: ANOOP KHURANA -2012081 SHASHANK MAKKAR -2012*** MANRAJ SINGH SANDHU-2012136 OJASWI SHARMA-2012154 SUSHANT SHARMA-2012156 INDEX SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS †¢ ECONOMIC †¢ CUSTOMER †¢ COMPETITION 3 MARKETING ASPECTS †¢ OBJECTIVES †¢ STRATEGIES †¢ TACTICS 6 4 4P’S †¢ PRODUCT †¢ PRICE †¢ PLACE †¢ PROMOTION 9 5 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS 11 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 12 7 CONCLUSION 16 8 RECOMMENDATION 16 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 18 INTRODUCTION Nike is an incorporated company†¦show more content†¦The company believes that demands from international markets will increase in future. Nike must cater to a large portion of the new generation that demands the latest trends and styles. Nike should take into account the changing US demographics due to the rising proportion of Hispanics, Asians, and African Americans. These groups have different preferences that Nike should be able to satisfy. Nike should identify the next generation of loyal customers and provide for their needs. COMPETITION Who are the companies or brands with which the organization or brand competes? What are their sales and market share trends? How do their approaches to the market differ from the organizations, and from each other? Are there any specific weaknesses in any competitors that can be turned into opportunities? Are there any specific strength that are major threats? What adjustments have been made? Succeeded or not? What other changes are being contemplated? Why? Competition is very fierce due to the number of companies competing for sales. Lots of money goes to marketing and promotions using various channels to reach the young demographic group of consumers who spend the most money on Nike’s products. Growth is slowing down in the athletic footwear industry. But new markets are emerging with high growth rates. These markets include extreme sports market and the corporate merchandise market. 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Christians Restoring the Environment Free Essays

â€Å"Go Green,† the new slogan that promotes saving the environment is being heard everywhere. As I turn on my television or pass a billboard on the highway. The message is loud and clear that the earth is desperately crying out for us humans to start taking care of our domain. We will write a custom essay sample on Christians Restoring the Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Green Living, â€Å"Going green is about conserving our resources, finding alternative energies, and innovative ways to keep our rivers and oceans cleaner and our landfills smaller. (Scheid, 2009) Christians can make a difference in the environment if all the churches in the United States rallied together to promote environmental restoration. I’m aware that our environmental issues are extreme; however, if you have a large organization such as the church pushing the cause to its congregants, I believe we will begin to see a difference in those who make conscious decisions that will attribute to the restoration of our environment. Targeting individuals and families through the media and ads are positive but I question how affective those streams of influence really are. I know that I have personally not given a lot of attention to, â€Å"Being Green. The reason for that is because I don’t really understand the importance of individuals making small changes towards these environmental issues, especially when you look at the massive oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico. It makes me want to ask why we are being targeted. It appears our efforts are useless when big corporations make destructive decision that affect the environment way more than me and my family ever could. I also know that right now my family can’t afford to go out and buy energy saving appliances which is a huge expense in this depressed economy. Also, most of the items you can buy that are â€Å"green† cost more. Cleaners, paints, materials can add up and really have negative affects on a person’s financial income if you are living on a budget. I have also heard so much controversy around the validity of global warming that I question if it is all a hoax or if there really is anything that can be done to help improve our environment. However, if churches began answering these questions to their attendees and began promoting environmental restoration, I believe we would see people become passionate to the point they start making more â€Å"go green† choices. According to the US Census Bureau, there are approximately, 310,470,820 people in the United States alone. (Census Bureau, 2010) Gallup poll states that 43. 1% of Americans reported going to church weekly. (Newport, 2010) If the churches would rally around the environmental restoration cause, they could be influential to their attendees about taking care of the environment. According to Star Tribune, â€Å"The faith community has become one of the major players in environmental issues. Coming from the standpoint of morals, religious groups are able to address green issues from a different perspective than the political or socioeconomic juggernaut. (Strickler, 2008) There are several things that churches can do on a Sunday morning to persuade their attendees. Many churches these days do video announcements that are very affective because they are visual. I think it would be an asset to incorporate visual examples of these individual churches making an effort to bring restoration to the environment. They could use these video announcements to educate their members, teach them the importance of conserving energy and lessening pollution and give their congregants specific tips on how they can save energy with updated appliances. The churches could also speak with some appliance stores that may offer discounts to their church members in hopes that they would switch over to these energy saving appliances. Churches could avoid using paper as much as possible by using their website or phone tree to contact their congregants. They could also dedicate a wall within the church which displays information about environmental restoration as well as giving information on their website. Ricky Nolan of Minneapolis attended an earth day service at his church and he stated, â€Å"The religious world, ‘brings a sense of responsibility’ to the ecological debate. (Strickler, 2008) Unlike the secular world, the church can emphasize the importance of taking care of the earth because God made it. Pastors can use scripture to explain God’s intent of being good stewards over His creation. Christians can stand together by good simple Christian stewardship and work towards a cause that will benefit not only our generation but several generations to come. Most people will listen to their spiritual leader with an issue such as environmental restoration because it is a good cause and because they are very good at endorsing worthwhile causes. They know how to make their listeners take personal responsibility. Pastors already have a level of influence; why else would 43% of people in America take time out of their busy schedules to attend church. Pastors could use this influence to evoke passion; once these spiritual leaders have made their members zealous about the cause; I believe that excitement would automatically spill over into their individual communities. So you might ask why it is necessary for our churches to get involved since there is so much information already spreading about being environmentally conscious. I personally don’t believe that most people really care enough to change their lifestyle. However, if a repetitious announcement is being made weekly in a place that people choose to be apart of, the probability is higher that people will catch on and begin to embrace the cause. I believe our Christian churches can make a difference because we represent a large number of Americans. Churches already have great influence; just imagine what we can do if we used that influence to remind God’s children about the world He created and how it is crying out right now for some love and attention. How to cite Christians Restoring the Environment, Essay examples

Mcdonaldization (1812 words) Essay Example For Students

Mcdonaldization (1812 words) Essay McdonaldizationThe McDonaldization of Society OutlineChapter 1McDonaldization is when a certain area starts to acquire efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. a. McDonalds as America-This is meant that McDonalds is a part of America and everything that other countries want in there country. It is a symbol of a growing culture. b. The long arm of McDonaldization- this long arm is McDonalds reaching out to every country. They are trying to put a McDonalds there, they want to dominate in every country. c. The dimension of McDonaldization- The four dimensions of McDonalds are:Efficiency- McDonalds is efficient in every way, best location, you can get your food quick, easy from going to being hungry to being full. Calculability- they sell everything in just the right proportions, for a good price. â€Å"Bigger is better†Control- they control everything, from lines being short, limited menu, few options and uncomfortable seats so the people eat quicker and leave quicker. d. Advantages of McDonaldization- there are lots of advantages: Wide rage of goods and services Availability of goods and services People are able to get what they want or get it almost right away conveniently Goods and Services are far more uniform qualitye. Critique of McDonaldization- this is meant by, that McDonalds has a lot of pluses,but it must certainly have a lot of downfalls. What is not McDonaldized?Things that aren’t Mcdonalized are small mom and pop stores and bed and breakfast inns. Most of the places that are personally runned not by big corporations. Chapter 2McDonalds had a few precursors before it became such a big company. They just didn’t pop up out of the thin air. Bureaucratization was a part of the growth people had to listen to each other. People had to carry out responsibilities. The Holocaust is compared as a McDonalized society. They had all the characteristics such as control, calculability, and efficiency. The assembly line was also very important, workers were not to do any steps that they were not to do, some of the parts had to move the least possible distance, machines were to move things not humans, and complicated movements are eliminated. Levittown was also a result of the assembly line. The Levit brothers put up house really quick using that method. The malls also were invented, they were good for many reasons. They had lots of stores under one roof, making it easier for people to shop instead of traveling to different places everything was under one room even a food court to eat. Chapter 31. Efficiency increases the pace of life. When you have efficiency it saves time and money. It keeps perfect timing production, faster services, streamlined operations and a tight schedule. Efficiency is choosing the optimum means to and end. The restaurant business really didn’t need efficiency, but it helped efficiency be turned into a way of life. 2. Home cooking- Efficiency was created with home cooking by creating supermarkets with food and all you have to do is go buy the food. You don’t have to go threw the hassles of hunting your food. TV dinners added to the efficiency. Cookbooks also added to the efficiency. Shopping- shopping was made more efficient when we created malls. Having all sorts of stores under one roof. Without having to travel from place to place and waste time. At a mall you have a food court movies and all kinds of stores to satisfy your needs as well as others needs. Higher Education- this has become more efficient in some ways. A while ago teachers used to grade papers by hand, know all they have to do is give a multiple choice exam and the machine will grade it for them saving lots of time. Essay: In Cold Blood as an Example of a New Litera Essay2. The fast food industry controls its product by serving it in a controlled proportions. Each product is served the same size every time. The process is controlled by the machines a lot of the work done to make the food is done by the machines. We only give the customer a certain selection so they can’t make up what they want. That’s how we control the customers. 3. Education- Class periods are controlled by the universities. The students leave at a certain time, no more no less. Even if the teacher is sin the middle of a lecture. Some schools require final grades within 48 hours after the exam, so that forces the teachers to have a computer-graded exams. Health Care- the control in the healthcare field is used by computers. You can find out a diagnosis from a computer without going to a doctor. Workplace- in the workplace the boss has the control. The workers are given a set of responsibilities to do and when they are done they pass it on. The workers are like the machines. Chapter 71. McDonaldizatoin may have some drawbacks. The drawback is that a lot of the things are de-humanizing. 2. Irrationality of Rationality- this is a term for the negative drawbacks of the aspects of McDonaldization. 3. Inefficiency- when there are long lines at the counter that is inefficient. When there is a long line of cars in the drive threw. That means not enough food is being made fast enough to keep the flow going. 4. It should be renamed expensive world because everything there is expensive. It is really not worth your time. With all the money you spend, you really don’t get that much fun time. 5. The illusions are made by all the characters of McDonalds, it even has a play ground. So everytime you go you get the illusion of fun and play even though they want your in and out of that place fast. Chapter 8The unpredictabilities of birth and death are going down. People now have the options on how to pick their child, whether to have a boy or girl. They are having designer babies. Basically, the parents can have what they want. People are even having designer deaths. They are getting crynologically frozen, so maybe in the future we can bring them back. Chapter 91. The forces that drive McDonaldization are materials interest, the culture of the U.S., which values McDonaldization as a end in itself and McDonaldization attainment to important changes taking places within society. 2. Fordism- Mass production, inflexible technology, standardized work routine, efforts to increase productivity. Post Fordism- Declining interest in mass production, shorter production runs, flexible production, more capable workers, greater differentiation. 3. Characteristics of Post modernism:Association with late capitalismLoss of historicityReproductive technologiesChapter 101. WE can deal with McDonaldizaion by living with it. a. Velvet cage- not a threat but a nirvanab. Iron cage- coldness, hardness and great discomfort, hates McDonaldization. c. Rubber Cage- these people like certain parts but dislikes others. 2. People were fighting against McDonaldization in many different ways. Some groups were saying that McDonalds was exploiting children. Other groups were saying that the food was not healthy and can cause clogged arteries. People would write petitions to keep them out of the towns.

Analytical Research Poverty in Thailand Peculiarities and Perspectives

Thailand today is considered as a country with an emerging export-dependent economy with an export accounting about two thirds of gross domestic product. Although the country is a newly industrialized, the problem of poverty is one of the most sharp and controversial.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Research: Poverty in Thailand: Peculiarities and Perspectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The tsunami tragedy that happened in 2004 led to a number of problems and increase of poverty. Millions of people were affected by the flood and drought. Between 2000 and 2007 the level of poverty has diminished from 21% to 8,5%, today about five million live below the poverty line (Human Security, Today and Tomorrow 2009). Most of the tourist centers are developed and modern cities. However, even the capital of the country demonstrates the strong level of poverty. Therefore, the government has enacted the various measures that have to improve the level of life and the image of the country. The rapid economic growth of the country between 1985 and 1995 helped Thailand become a major exporter. Besides, the country is well-known by its touristic centers such as Bangkok, Pattaya, etc. The level of expatriates from developed countries has grown rapidly. However, nowadays, poverty is one of the major problems of Thailand. The urban population as well as the rural is affected by the process that occurs in the country. A high level of country’s development in 1990s caused a decline of the level of poverty from 32,6% in 1988 to 11,4% in 1996, and the number of poor people decreased from 17,9 to 6,8 million (Poverty Profile 2001). However, in spite of the evident increase of the economy, Thailand has the most severe gap than most of the Southeast Asian countries.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore The regional and sector segregation leads to the inequality of the opportunities in the sector of employment, secondary education and vocational training. Especially this problem is evident in the North, Northeast, South and Central regions of the country. The poverty incidence is highest in the Northeast and South regions. The distinct types of Thailand’s community are the obvious example of the difference in the poverty level. The rural areas are more subject to the influence of poverty than municipal and sanitary areas. The Asian economic crisis as a cause increased the poverty incidence of Thailand to 21,3% in 2000 (Thailand’s Official Poverty Lines 2009). The country’s national poverty line has a number of peculiarities such as the population groups, different regions and the indexes of the rural and urban population. Engbersen describes the further debate on how to poverty should be measured (1999). It is a complicated issue that includes the numerou s components and details. The article â€Å"What Is Poverty and Why Measure It?† says that â€Å"the broadest approach to well-being (and poverty) focuses on the capability of the individual to function in society (2008). Often, poor people do not have an access to a number of facilities. Thus, an inadequate income, insufficient education and lack of the political freedom are the results of the social segregation and poverty. According to the World Bank statistic, the poverty headcount ration at national poverty line in Thailand in 2004 was 11,2% of population, in 2006 – 9,6%, in 2007 – 8,5%, in 2008 – 9,0% (Thailand’s Official Poverty Lines 2009). This statistic indicates the reduction of the poor citizens due to the financial stabilization of the county’s economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analytical Research: Poverty in Thailand: Peculiarities and Perspectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More Thailand’s economy is based on the manufacturing and service sectors. The agricultural sector today demonstrates the negative tendency, facing with a number of difficulties. The limited supply of water, necessity of the new land reform and a small level of investment hamper the process of the country’s development. As the results of those negative processes, population of the rural areas that depends on the agricultural sector does not have the ability to increase their financial situation. As poverty is still a big problem in many parts of the country, the government has to be prepared to develop the action plans which can manage the problem of poverty and reduce the gap between the rural and urban population. According to the article â€Å"Causes of Poverty†, as the result of the external influence â€Å"the governments of poor nations and their people are often powerless† (Shah 2011). When the inequality became evident as the result of the economical growth of the country, the government offered The Eights National Development Plan in 1997-2001 and the Ninth Development Plan in 2002-2006 (Poverty profile 2001). Both of them included the possible solutions of the poverty problem as one of the major issues of country’s development. The Eight Plan indicated the importance of the human resources’ development that included the reduction of the regional disparities and inequality.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to this Plan, the major issues of the national structure have to be the decentralization and community rights. Focusing on the needs of poor people, the Plan highlighted three areas that have to be restructured. First of all, it is necessary to absorb the migrants from urban centers and create the new employment places in the rural areas. The second important issue is to help people affected by the crisis in the different ways such as education, healthcare, social welfare, etc. The third point that could help preventing the problems is an alleviation of such social issues as crimes and drugs and promotion of healthy way of life and the social values. It is necessary to provide the cash transfers and loans to the poor households. Besides, free medical service and the school lunch program are the significant steps to the reduction of the poverty. Human development as the major issue of the country’s economy is the most important element that the governmental program i s focused on. The major efforts of the Thai government devoted to the education and healthcare systems. The government sees the access to basic education and its quality improvement as the most important issue that can help developing the way of life. The government provides the effective non-formal educational programs and improves the process of getting the education for girls. The various financial support programs create a good basement for the secondary education attainment. In 1999, the Thai government provided a new educational law that included the provision supply of the primary and secondary schools. Decentralization is another important point of the Thai educational system. In recent years, the various problems within the economic development reduced the competitiveness of Thailand against other Southeast Asian countries. The healthcare system is another important element of the social development. Nowadays, vaccination rate is about 90% and contraceptive prevention of ma rried women is 75% (Human Security, Today and Tomorrow 2009). Covering the half of all health expenditure, the Thai government helps poor people get the access to the public health facilities. Such policy allows covering more than 74% of the population by the health insurance. The family planning and vaccination are the major facilities that can be accessed for free. The financial crisis caused the pessimistic expectations of the possibility of the equality of all citizens within the healthcare system. However, reduction of the health services and a number of the medical problems such as the children’s nutrition drug addicts, etc. due to the unemployment is low nowadays (Poverty profile 2001). Nevertheless, the Thai government has to provide more strict laws included a wide medical help and the various services to the poor citizens. As a global citizen, I would argue that individuals must confront the injustices and the inequalities that exist throughout the world. Following the ethical guidelines, I could help those people who are in need. I think that several projects within the high schools and universities can provide an adequate support of the poor citizens. Students should learn about the global problem and explore the possible solutions. Universities should incorporate this issue to the curriculum. Volunteering programs are another useful tool. Thus, people from the different countries can help Thailand rebuild Thailand after the flooding in 2011, cleaning the streets, preparing food or donating money. The poverty in Thailand demonstrates the following peculiarities. First of all, the locations with the highest level of the poor population are in the Northeast, North and South regions of the country. The ration between the rural and urban poverty is significant. Therefore, the Thai government should provide more methods of the rural areas development. The rural population does not have an access to the various facilities such as the medical servi ces and a good education. The poor citizens demonstrate less ability of accessing the employment opportunities and the basic services such as water and sanitation. The perspective of country’s development depends on the ability of the Thai government to provide the laws which could lead to the changes in the social life of the poor citizens. Works Cited Engbersen, G. â€Å"Definitions of Distress: Who are you calling poor?†,†¨Le Monde Diplomatique, September 1999. Web. Japan Bank for International Cooperation. Poverty Profile. Executive Summary. Kingdom Of Thailand. 2001. Web. Shah, A. â€Å"Causes of Poverty.† Globalissues.org. Global Issues, 11 Nov. 2011. Web. Thailand Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme, Human Security, Today and Tomorrow. 2009. Web. Thailand’s Official Poverty Lines. National Economic and Social Development Board, 2004. Web. What Is Poverty and Why Measure It? World Bank Poverty and Inequality Analysis, 2008. Web. This essay on Analytical Research: Poverty in Thailand: Peculiarities and Perspectives was written and submitted by user MariaHill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ancient Indian Architecture

Ancient Indian Architecture Architecture has played an important role in the Indian culture. These artworks render creativity and artwork and also portray the culture, hard work, and religion. Ancient Indian architecture can be divided among the different religions and civilizations. These architectural achievements are now one of the main attractions which attract tourists to India from all over the world.Harappan Architecture (1500BC- 230BC)Harappans, Indus Valley Civilization, believed in a "utilitarian" form of architecture rather than "aesthetic". They believed in simple architecture which could be utilized in everyday life and which also served a purpose while it remained simple whereas the latter built works of beauty which were usually built to impress.A common Harappan house consisted of two floors made of baked bricks and the center, which was courtyard, was enclosed on the four sides by rooms. These houses were constructed in a way that the windows and doors were opposite to the street.The Sanchi stu pa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh built b...The reason why they did this is unknown, but their cities were well planned; they had streets and a covered system of sewage. Between the time of the Harappan Civilization and the Mauryan Empire, texts and writings found by archeologists talk about great architectural structures and palaces. The reason why is yet unknown, but there are two possible possibilities: either archeologists haven't come across the correct site, or the great structures were made of perishable goods such as wood or clay. During this time period, stone wasn't widely available whereas wood was, so this had led archeologists to believe that over the course of time, the wood/clay structures have discinigrated due to undesirable conditions.Mauryan EmpireThe earliest evidence/ traces of the Mauryan Empire come from a pillared hall which was discovered from Ashoka's palace in Patna. The pillars were made of stone, and archeologists beganto see...

The Solar System and Moon Landing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Solar System and Moon Landing - Assignment Example The researcher states that people’s understanding of the solar system has changed significantly over the years. This is attributed to the several new scientific discoveries that have changed what we initially knew about the solar system. The Ptolemaic Theory initially made people believe that the earth was the universe’s center around which all other objects orbited. Because of the theory, the ancient Greeks counted the sun and the moon together with Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn as planets. In this regard, they excluded the earth as a planet based on the belief that the earth was the universe’s center around which everything on space revolved. However, this belief changed later in the 17th century through the Copernican Revolution, when astronomers discovered that the sun is the universe’s center around which all planets revolved including the earth. The discovery also showed that the Moon is not a planet, rather a satellite of the Earth. Few years later, astronauts added Uranus and Neptune as planets. As a result, people were made to believe that only eight planets exist that revolves around the sun. Pluto was discovered later on in 1930 as the ninth planet revolving around the sun. Pluto according to astronomers is much smaller than Mercury or planetary moons. Telescopic findings showed that Pluto is not similar to the planets discovered earlier. As more discoveries became of Pluto, astronomers questioned whether Pluto should be regarded as a planet or not. (Cain, 2008). Even though, Pluto maintained its status as a planet through to the 1980s, things began changing in 1990s when astronomers, through telescopic observation discovered numerous icy worlds revolving the sun in around Neptune called the Kuiper Belt. With the discovery of Kuiper Belt and several icy bodies, scientists began to think Pluto as a KBO. Later on in 2005, scientists made a pronouncement that a tenth planet had been discovered. This has left peopl e wondering as to what planet means. Certainly, the new discoveries have changed significantly, what we initially knew as the solar system. In fact, as more discoveries continue to emerge, people’s understanding of what constitutes the solar system will continue to change (Cain, 2008). The Moon landing The Moon landing on July 20, 1969 is a classical historical event that has changed the scientific understanding of the moon in entirety. It marked the first ever moon landing that placed America in the lead in terms of technological advancements. The event took the Soviet Union by surprise as they watched in disarray the American astronauts placing the American flag on the moon’s surface. According to research, the event gave America the prestige that it lacked prior to this historical event (Spillius, 2009). The moon landing of 1969 has had a lasting impact on people’s scientific understanding for a number of reasons. For instance, America’s technology has significantly advanced due to the landing. In addition, not only does America have numerous microwaves, codeless vacuum cleaners,

Bounded Rationality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bounded Rationality - Assignment Example Bounded rationality is a decision-making theory developed by Simon Herbert which postulates that the rationality of the decision maker is limited by a number of factors such as the amount of information available to the individual, the constraint of time among other factors. Simon identified three difficulties which people face while making a decision. To begin with, there is the difficulty of limited knowledge of any particular decision which the person may make. Because of this, a person may not be able to optimally know the best decision to make at a certain time because they do not know the range of outcomes (negative or positive) which will emanate from the decision. The second difficulty a decision maker may face is the fact that even for those consequences which they may be able to predict, there is no guarantee that the outcome will be exactly the same as anticipated by the decision maker. The third constraint is the constraint of the number of options which the decision make r can use. Simon’s model stands in sharp contrast to Charles Lindblom’s theory which used incrementalism to explain decision making (Simon, p. 38). As the author says â€Å"Simon's model of bounded rationality also stands in sharp contrast to the rational choice model. In its purest form, this model assumes that individuals making decisions know their preferences, are able to consider all possible alternatives and can anticipate the full set of consequences that will flow from each alternative† (Simon, p38). However, according to Simon â€Å"Whatever model might be employed by decision makers in an ideal world, satisfaction seems to be the one most of them use in the real world† (Simon, p. 39).

The role of meta-cognition in teaching Mathematics to the Essay

The role of meta-cognition in teaching Mathematics to the International Baccalaureate Primary Year Program learners - Essay Example It is for this importance that mathematics holds in our everyday life that the approach towards the teaching of mathematics in school must be done with so much circumspection. Because mathematics is part of our everyday life, it must be taught in such a way that students will adopt concepts through relational learning rather than though rote learning. According to Fox (2009), relational learning has taken place when teachers realize that â€Å"learning isn’t just an academic exercise designed to score individuals on their ability to regurgitate information. Rather, it is a lifelong process of understanding truth, gaining wisdom, and making better life decisions† and therefore approaches teaching with methods that are interactive and practical. This is particularly important to ensure at the basic level such as the International Baccalaureate Primary Years. This is because at the primary level, students’ understanding of what they learn is dependent upon relating ideas to their own experience (Junior Achievement Michiana, 2007). One educational concept that plays major role when talking about relational or practical learning of mathematics is meta-cognition. Key words: Cognition, Metacognition. The term Cognition and Metacognition Cherry (2011) defines cognition as â€Å"the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension, including thinking, knowing, remembering, judging and problem-solving.† Metacognition refers to one's knowledge concerning one's own cognitive processes or anything related to them, e.g. the learning-of relevant properties of information or data.(Flavell, 1976, p. 232). This means that Metacognitive knowledge can be described as the knowledge, awareness, and deeper understanding of one’s own cognitive processes and products (Flavell 1976). Metacognitive skills can be seen as the voluntary control people have over their own cognitive processes (Brown 1987). This transformation suggests changes both in curricular content and instructional style. It involves renewed effort to focus on: †¢ Seeking solutions, not just memorizing procedures; †¢ Exploring patterns, not just memorizing formulas; †¢ Formulating conjectures, not just doing exercises. As teaching begins to reflect these emphases, students will have opportunities to study as an exploratory, dynamic, evolving discipline rather than as a rigid, absolute, closed body of laws to be memorized. For instance in Mathematics: When we solve the sum or a problem we are using ‘Cognition’, that is we are forced to think of different strategies to solve the problem and ‘Metacognition‘ is when we cross-check the answer, maybe we could scrutinize each and every alternative in a multiple-choice task before deciding which is the best one. According to Lucangeli et al (1995), since Flavell introduced the concept of metacognition in 1976, most authors agree that the construct can be differentiat ed into a knowledge and skills component. It has long been assumed that metacognition—thinking about one’s own thoughts—is a uniquely human ability. Yet a decade of research suggests that, like humans, other animals can differentiate between what they know and what they do not know. They opt out of difficult trials; they avoid tests they are unlikely to answer correctly; and they make riskier ‘‘bets’’ when their memories are accurate than they do when their memori

Personal identity

Personal identity Personal identity starts at the moment of conception, within time personal identity can change or not change. The change in identity differs in many instances by causes of psychological, physical or environmental changes in the person life. As life progresses in time people tend to change their views on many issues and identity is involved with those issues. Day to day activities also play an important role on a persons present or prior identity by being exposed to different elements encountered within their mind while operating in these activities. The mind is the most important influential part of a person to establish their identity thru time present or future. The identity is very important for the well being of a person in their everyday life, at work, and even with their relaintionships. When it comes to philosophy Personal Identity is a very broad and extensive topic, many philosopher have their own views on the issue. On the other hand my personal choice for this paper has to be a very well known philosopher by the name of John Locke who was one of the greatest in Europe in the late 1600s and early 1700s until his death. John Locker was born into the stage in Europe which was called the Enlightenment in which he helped find the identity of Thomas Jefferson to the idea of the Declaration Of Independence by stating this â€Å"men are endowed with certain inalienable rights, and that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. With these words stated by Thomas Jefferson, John Locke began his successful thrill of Philosophy and the issue of Personal Identity. As Locke explains his version of Personal Identity he explains it in a higher power and often relies on faith, as opposed to science, to aid him in his major life decisions by using his personal identity. John Lockes views on personal identity are set out in the selection, Of Identity and Diversity, taken from his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In this essay he talks about humans are able to understand by applying his theories and ideas. John Locke had his heart of personal identity in Section 9 of his essay in which he states his idea of a person is that of a thinking, intelligent (rational) being with consciousness of itself (self-consciousness). The notion of a thinking intelligent being amounts to this.While John Locke had his opinion and theories on personal identity other philosophers do too.In reference Identity is very complex and it has no set definition everyone agrees on. Sarup (1996) talks about identity by using the example of a passport. This may include a photog raph of the person as well as other details including nationality, a persons full name and date-of-birth. While a passport is a form of identity it does not express who you are as a person. It â€Å"shows you who you are so that you can be recognized in a bureaucratic sense† (Sarup, 1996). Sarup the author states â€Å" that identity is to do with who one thinks one is, what one believes and what one does†. While Kidd another author believes that â€Å"identity† relates to how we think about ourselves as people, how we think about other people around us and what we think others think of us. In other words, the ability to â€Å"figure out† (Kidd, 2002)who we are as a person. Kidd the other author states that we are shaped by our culture, and we shape it and perpetuate in it in our day-to-day lives. Although culture and identity are often linked they are, in fact, different in many ways than one . â€Å"With culture representing the ‘macro pattern- t he bigger picture- and ‘identity representing the smaller more ‘micro meanings we have as individuals† ( Kidd, 2002, p.7). In my personal identity I have experienced many facets within my 25 years of living in this earth.My personal identity has been developing each minute of the day,as well as days on and in years.In my readings and research I personally coincide with authors who state that personal identity is divided by two subsets.These two subsets are characterized by experience and learning.On the contrary to Lockes beliefs I feel these two subsets characterize my personal identitys growth.According to Wenger, identity can be seen as a negotiated experience, which is developed through engagement in practice in which gives us â€Å"certain experiences of participation and what our communities pay attention to makes us as participants† (Wenger, 1998). â€Å"Identity in practice is defined socially not merely because it is believed in a social discourse of the self and of social categories, but also because it is produced as a lived experience of participation in the specific communities† (Wenger, 1998, p.151). Learning is a very crucial item people should encounter because it benefits us in the long run when it comes to our daily lives and personal encounters and relaintionships.The many things ive learned thru out my years has set out to my advantage and my personal identity .While working for different companies and organizations my personal identity has differed in each setting because I had a different role in each one.Having different roles in each of my jobs,my personal identity had to change in time in order for my tenure their to be successful and keep up with the rest of the laborers.According to the author Wenger â€Å"A sense of a learning trajectory gives us ways of sorting out what matters and what does not, what contributes to identity and what remains marginal† (Wenger, 1998, p.155). When we speak of ones personal identity we speak as what makes us the person that we are.Our identity consists of what makes us unique and different as an individual and from others.According to Locke personal identity does not involve the body at all,the person could be involved by his soul.If such would occur Locke suggested that the person could be transferred by his own soul.However personal identity to Locke cannot be equated with the identity of a thinking substance either because the identity doesnt follow the identity of the soul ,but follows the set of individual thoughts it contains.Here is an excerpt of one Lockes essay where he states the personal identity would follow the thoughts themselves, and not the thinking substance. â€Å" Let any one reflect upon himself,and conclude,that he has in himself an immaterial Spirit,which is that which thinks in him,and in the constant change of his body keeps him the same;and is that which he calls himself: Let him also suppose it to be the same soul,that was in Nestor or Thersites, at the Siege Of Troy.But he,now having no consciousness of any of the Actions either of Nestor or Thersites,does,or can he,conceive himself the same person with either of them? Can he be concerned in either of their actions?Attribute them to himself, or think them his own more than the actions of any other man,that ever existed?But let him once find himself conscious of any of the actions of Nestor,he then finds himself the same person with Nestor.†(Section 15).Since we know and read that Locke rejects that the identity of a person is the identity of an immaterial substance or soul.For Locke at every moment you could have a different soul,thoughts,or a different thinker and still have the same person see.(Section 25) Another rejection by Locke is the idea the the identity of a man is needed for the identity of the person.It wouldnt be necessary since you could have the same person in two different beings as he states in the Prince and the Cobbler story. â€Å"For should the soul of a prince,carrying with it the consciousness of the princes past life,enter and inform the body of a cobbler,as soon as deserted by his own soul,everyone sees he would be the same person with the prince.†(Section 15). For Locke personal identity is not enough if it doesnt include the identity of consciousness.According to Locke consciousness is the ideas that a soul entertains,not in the soul that entertains them.The most important part of consciousness is memory,since memory can remember the actions and experiences of some past person,from the perspective of that person,then one thereby qualifies as identical with that person.To Locke he describes personal identity as a â€Å"forensic† notion.(Section 26).While most philosophers and philosophy get confused with his identity of consciousness Locke stated†For since consciousness always accompanies thinking,and it is that which makes every one to be what he calls self,and thereby distinguishes himself from all other thinking things:in this along consists consists personal identity and as far as this consciousness can be extended backwards to any past action or thought,so far reaches the identity of that person;it is the same self now it was then;and it is by the same self with this present one that now reflects on it,that that action was done.†(Section 9). Overtime John Locke has been criticized by his theories and his way of thinking by fellow philosophers and other entities.Thomas Reid has a view that is similar to Descartes in which a person who is a simple indivisible substance that has no temporal or spatial parts.Thomas Reid states that â€Å"My personal identity implies the continued existence of that indivisible thing which I can myself.Whatever this self may be,it is something which thinks,and deliberates,and resolves,and acts and suffers.I am not thought,I am not action, I am not action,I am not feeling;I am something that thinks,and acts and suffers.My thoughts,and actions,and feelings change every moment;they have no continues,but a successive,existence that self or I,to which they belong,is permanent,and has the same relation to all the succeeding thoughts,actions,and feelings which I call mine.† Reid argues that memory is the evidence for personal identity,but not the basis of personal identity.Reid developed seve ral arguments which go against John Lockes memory is the basis of personal identity.The four main arguments that Reide goes against Locke are: The Duplication problem which states one person may be identity with more than one person. The Brave Soldier Paradox which a man may be ,and at the same time not be,the person that did a particular action. The problem of removing reward punishment and responsibility. The minor objection that confuses consciousness with memory.

Educational Equity :: essays research papers

Develop an argument on or some ideas of understanding about curriculum as multicultural text by relating the works of Darling-Hammond, French, & Garcia-Lopez, Delpit, Duarte & Smith, Greene, Nieto and Sletter to your experience of curriculum, teaching, and learning as affirming diversity. You could think specifically about the following questions: Is there a need for diversity in curriculum studies and designs? Why? What measures do you think will be effective in incorporating such a need into curriculum studies and designs? What is the relevance of diversity to your career goal, to education in your family, community, and school, to education in Georgia, and to education in general? In which way can you develop a curriculum which helps cultivate empathy, compassion, passion, and hope for citizens of the world, and which fosters social justice? â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Declaration of Independence,1776) This quote is symbolic of the expressed opinions and ideology of the founding fathers of America. History, especially the history of the American educational system, paints a contradictory portrait. Idealistic visions of equity and cultural integration are constantly bantered about; however, they are rarely implemented and materialized. All men are indeed created equal, but not all men are treated equally. For years, educators and society as a whole have performed a great disservice to minorities in the public school sector. If each student is of equal value, worth, and merit, then each student should have equal access and exposure to culturally reflective learning opportunities. In the past, minorities have had a muted voice because of the attitude of the majority. Maxine Greene summarizes a scene from E.L. Doctorow’s Ragtime, after which she poses questions that many minorities have no doubt asked silently or loud. â€Å"Why is he unseen? Why were there no Negroes, no immig rants? More than likely because of the condition of the minds of those in power, minds that bestowed upon many others the same invisibility that Ellison’s narrator encounters† (Greene,1995, p. 159). Multicultural education is needed because it seeks to eradicate â€Å"invisibility† and give voice, power, and validation to the contributions and achievements of people with varied hues, backgrounds, and experiences. Multicultural education is a process of comprehensive school reform and basic education for all students. It challenges and rejects racism and other forms of discrimination in schools and society and accepts and affirms pluralism (ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, economic, and gender, among others) that students, their communities, and teachers reflect (Nieto, 2000).

Impact of Managers and Leaders in Organizations on the Motivation of Employees Essay

Any organization is always started with an elaborated target to fulfill based on arrangement and strategies to be applied in the performance of achieving those goals. Actually the objective, performance and the methodology in which the organization is set up and run, defines its kind and capability in relation to other organizations. Organization consists of staffs that are categorized depending on the duty performed and the responsibilities that are bestowed upon them. In order to achieve success an organized system is essential which will involve a specified hierarchy which clearly positions each and every individual in relation to the capacity and the type of responsibilities. Under this arrangement management and leadership are considered to be the key factors in accomplishing the targets. Management comprises duties that fully covers directly or indirectly the whole structure of the organization. It combines aspects like controlling all the operations of the company inclusive of planning events, strategic steps to be followed and even the necessary concepts that improves the organization. Management is also involved in the overall organization of the available resources that are associated with the whole operation. Management determines the kind of employees working in an organization which is brought about by the coordination and leadership that is developed towards the employees. All the functions of management are carried out by the managers in the organization. Leadership and management are related terminologies and they are inseparable in the sense that managers also play the role of leadership. A leader focuses mostly on the directives to be followed by the employers in the effectiveness of their duties. This is mostly done in an interactive method and understanding the factors that affect or hinder the achievements. Both managers and leaders play an important role in motivating their employees. Despite the fact that the employees may clearly understand their responsibilities and duties in the organization, fully desirable outcomes may be affected by lack of motivation. According to (Geary, D. C. (2005)) motivation is a key factor in influencing someone to desire to add extra effort to improve the work and achieve more than expected. Through the coordination of mind motivation also promotes the inward generation of will power which alternatively has a considerable physical contribution to human body. Depending on the type of organization leaders and managers may apply different methods in motivating the employees. Some of the ways used by managers in motivation are like organizing functions which include honoring and rewarding specific employees following their best performance. This is a common method but it enhances the spirit of positive competition amongst the employees. Satisfaction is another means applied by managers to motivate employees. A satisfied employee will have more will to work. Career and talents recognition which is mostly applied by leaders to appreciate their employees plays a part in motivating them. Leaders on the other hand recommend the promotion of hard working employees to the management which also motivates the employees. Some managers have introduced a systematic salary increase which may be annual or after a specified period. This does not necessary depend on the profit made by the company but on the period spent by the employee working in the company. Bonuses and commissions on the other hand are sometimes measured against the benefits realized by the organization within a specified duration. These are among factors of motivating the employees. Following the performance and the leadership portrayed by the leader which is mostly done through leading examples, employees feel motivated and the admiration of copying the good examples of their leaders is enhanced. In an attempt to elaborate motivation and the effects, several theories have been put forward. In this paper few theories have been borrowed to expand further the contribution of motivation. According to (Kahneman and Miller (1986)) Our human behavior will be more or less be influenced by the attitudes towards certain subjects, determinations and the capacity of attaining a specified responsibility will highly depend on the feeling of the inward drive. This is clearly elaborated in the attitude-behavior consistency theory. Leaders attempt to learn the attitude of their employee through the interaction and knowing their behaviors in which they often know or decide on the way to motivate them. They also have the responsibility in influencing their employee’s attitude may be towards the organizations strategies. Consistency theory of motivation attempts to elaborate that individuals mostly achieve their motives through distinguished coordination of the willingness and the capability to perform. Employees will always feel motivated under the circumstances in which leaders and managers create a conducive environment for them to integrate their capability led by the will to perform these responsibilities. According to (Milgram, S. , 1983) a considerable situation of the capability of the employee is essential to be applied by the managers in order to clearly understand and develop the right methods in motivating the employees. According to (Adams, J. Stacey, 1965), another theory of motivation is the equity theory. This theory dwells mostly as the appreciation done to the employees through the rewards. Considerations are always important in the determination of the employees who may be rewarded according to their contribution. It’s common that rewards differ according to the quantified duties well done by the individual employee or a group. Satisfaction of the employees is always determined by the reward attained as deserved. De-motivation is likely to occur if the distribution of rewards does not match with the effort applied in the achievements. Expectancy theory clearly defines a reason which contributes to the motivation of employees. According to (Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. , 1991) either on the reliance on the previous experience in the organization or through the organization procedure, the employee will add a lot of effort in relation to the reward expected. In other words employees may improve greatly on their duties under the influence of the targeted reward which they expect to get after achieving their goals. Similar to expectations of the management towards achievements of the organizational goals, employees expects the full support from the management. This can be brought about by the keen consideration of the responsibility of the employees as previously discussed employees will aim at fulfilling their duties following the attention from the management and leaders who have the responsibility of giving correct directives. motivated employees will therefore feel to be fairly treated after being rewarded from their effort according to how much they achieved. This will therefore combine and relate equity theory and expectancy theory of motivation as discussed. Following the fact that success is among the most important goal in an organization, it is important for managers and leaders to subject their efforts in order to achieve it. In order to attain success they have to depend on their employees. In other words the performance of the employees will therefore depend on the management and leadership in the organization. One of the impacts of motivation to employees is the increase in productivity. Right motivation from the managers and leaders will cause the employees to be more active and potential which will be implemented in their duties. Motivation from the managers to their employees has also been associated with the expansion and the growth of the organization. Motivated employees will always do a quality job which can have a distinguished difference when compared with the competitors. In such a situation the intended or the targeted client will focus more on that specific organization and in return the growth of the organization will be realized. Positively motivated employee will be more innovative and they will be able to contribute to the teamwork in an organization hence minimizing the unexpected pull back which may be brought about by the lack of cooperation. Creativity will also be enhanced and this will contribute a lot in coming up with the new ideas. Sustainability of employees has been a difficult and a challenge to many organizations. This is brought about by the fact that employees need satisfaction while undertaking their duties. Managers in collaboration with leaders successfully overcome the challenges of employee sustainability through positive motivation to their employees and they eventually find that they critically reduce the level of day to day recruitment of new staff to replace the ones who have resigned. This will also improve the work that is done due to the experience gained by the employees they can comfortably and undoubtedly implement it. Motivated employees become devoted to their duties and responsibility in the organization thereby reducing the errors and careless mistakes which would reduce the credibility of the organization. Though it’s a complex exercise if the managers maximize on motivating their employees they will also in return contribute directly or indirectly to simplifying the manager’s duties of planning, controlling and coordinating the organization which is contrary to de-motivated employees. The leaders on the other hand will have more room to improve their initiatives and efficiency. Irrespective of the type and the size of the organization, motivation to the employees stands to be a key factor in the achievement of goals. Considering example of institutes like universities, learning centers, production centers and others, It is through the aspect of motivation to the employees that their abilities attitudes and their interest can be utilized which will in return promote the organization name both locally and internationally. In most parts of the world most organization has reportedly realized their goals through the hard work and coordination attributed to the employees. Following this good and improved performance there has always been a system of motivating the employees through the integrative and collaborative methods put forward by the managers and leaders. According to the chairman and chief executive officer of Coca-Cola Company Mr. Neville Isdell, the company has realized positive performance and success due to good and favorable conditions which of cause have been brought about by the cooperation of the employees and commitment. This can otherwise be affected if the employees are de-motivated hence this is a good example of the impact of managers and leaders on the motivation of their employee. Conclusion In every organization, the concept of motivation by the managers and leaders to their employees has accounted to tremendous success to many organizations through the increased productivity of the organization, expansion and growth of the organization, satisfied and lively employees, minimization of errors and accidents and so on. It has been noted also that there are several methods and ways in which the employees are motivated. It is therefore the responsibility of the leaders and mangers to fully involve themselves in practical consideration of the performance of their employee’s and the necessary improvements required. Motivation is a more complex exercise but the devotional strategies that may be applied by the leaders and managers are essential to achieve the positive outcomes.

Ashley Flores Missing Person Hoax - Urban Legends

Ashley Flores Missing Person Hoax - Urban Legends Chain emails and online postings seek help locating Ashley Flores, a 13-year-old girl allegedly missing in Philadelphia. Description: HoaxCirculating since: May 2006Status: False (details below) 2012 example:As shared on Facebook, April 2, 2012: I am asking you all, begging you to please forward this msg on to anyone and everyone you know, PLEASE. My 13 year old girl, Ashley Flores, is missing. She has been missing for two weeks It only takes 2 seconds to forward this. If it was your child, you would want all the help you could get. Louise Louw Tel: 27 31 303 1001 Cell: 27 82 509 6676 SFTBC 2006 example:Email contributed by M.M., May 11, 2006: Subject: Missing Girl from PhillyPlease pass this to everyone in your address book.We have a Deli manager (Acme Markets) from Philadelphia, Pa who has a 13 year old daughter who has been missing for 2 weeks.Keep the picture moving on. With luck on her side she will be found.I am asking you all, begging you to please forward this email on to anyone and everyone you know, PLEASE. My 13 year old girl, Ashley Flores, is missing. She has been missing for now two weeks. It is still not too late. Please help us. If anyone any where knows anything, please contact me at:HelpfindAshleyFloresyahoo.comI am including a picture of her. All prayers are appreciated!! Ashley Flores missingIt only takes 2 seconds to forward this.If it was your child, you would want all the help you could get. Analysis: This is a hoax, circulating since May 2006. Neither the Philadelphia Police Department nor the National Center for Missing Exploited Children lists (or has ever listed) a missing child by the name of Ashley Flores. No Amber Alert has ever been issued in her name. Moreover, the viral message contains none of the critical details one would expect to find in a real alert for example, a physical description of the missing person, the time and place of disappearance and contact information. Another giveaway is the presence in the body of the message of several sentences copied word-for-word from previous missing child hoaxes (see Penny Brown and C.J. Mineo). The Ashley Flores / MySpace Connection Though she never really went missing, it appears that Ashley Flores does exist and lived in Philadelphia when these alerts first started going around. By following hyperlinks embedded in a version posted on MySpace.com, I found an exact match (long since deleted) for the image above in a photo gallery on Photobucket.com, along with several others (long since deleted) that were uploaded by the same user and featured a young woman named Ashley who bore more than a passing resemblance to the girl pictured above. The images were posted by someone using the screen name Vixter609, whom I found blogging under the same alias on MySpace.com with her given name listed as Vicki, her age as 17 and her city of residence as Philadelphia. When I contacted Vicki to ask what, if anything, she knew about Ashley Flores and her status as a missing person, I received the following reply (reproduced verbatim): ashley flores is not missing it was a merly a joke that got completely out of hand please imform everyone that e-mail that she is NOT missing it was a joke im sorry about any confusion Subsequent inquiries went unanswered. That this little joke caused confusion is putting it mildly. 2009 Update After a version of the Ashley Flores email containing the contact info of the Rolla, Missouri police department circulated in 2009, said police department was forced to change its telephone number because it was receiving up to 75 calls per day on the matter. The citys online FAQ page still contains a reference to the hoax. The Flores alert is listed on the U.S. Department of Justice Amber Alert website as a known hoax. Further reading: Weekly Press Gets PunkdPhiladelphia Will Do (blog), 1 June 2006 Missing Girl Hoax SpreadsSydney Morning Herald, 28 June 2006 Fake Amber Alert Spreading Throughout UtahDeseret News, 10 February 2009

Free Essays on Problems In Education And Society

According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a "rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980’s, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action... Free Essays on Problems In Education And Society Free Essays on Problems In Education And Society According to "A Nation at Risk", the American education system has declined due to a "rising tide of mediocrity" in our schools. States such as New York have responded to the findings and recommendations of the report by implementing such strategies as the "Regents Action Plan" and the "New Compact for Learning". In the early 1980’s, President Regan ordered a national commission to study our education system. The findings of this commission were that, compared with other industrialized nations, our education system is grossly inadequate in meeting the standards of education that many other countries have developed. At one time, America was the world leader in technology, service, and industry, but overconfidence based on a historical belief in our superiority has caused our nation to fall behind the rapidly growing competitive market in the world with regard to education. The report in some respects is an unfair comparison of our education system, which does not have a national standard for goals, curriculum, or regulations, with other countries that do, but the findings nevertheless reflect the need for change. Our education system at this time is regulated by states which implement their own curriculum, set their own goals and have their own requirements for teacher preparation. Combined with this is the fact that we have lowered our expectations in these areas, thus we are not providing an equal or quality education to all students across the country. The commission findings generated recommendations to improve the content of education and raise the standards of student achievement, particularly in testing, increase the time spent on education and provide incentives to encourage more individuals to enter the field of education as well as improving teacher preparation. N.Y. State responded to these recommendations by first implementing the Regents Action...

Microbiology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbiology - Lab Report Example respectively. Introduction: Bacteria are ubiquitous in nature. They are beneficial and harmful to the human beings and animals. Bacteria are present in the food. Probiotics supplements contain specific strains of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria to increase the gut flora. Beneficial bacteria are present in the food and produce many important biological molecules. In the mozzarella cheese, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are present. Camembert cheese contains lactococcus and penicillium species are present. (Waites et al. 2009). Bacteria can be differentiated based on the enzymes secreted by them. Some enzymes are secreted out by the micro organisms enabling simple biochemical tests. The major exo enzymes present in bacteria are amylases, caseinase, gelatinase (hydrolytic enzymes), oxidase and catalase. (Gunasekaran 2007). Since most of the exoenzymes are hydrolytic enzymes which break down complex substances into simpler molecules, they are us ed as identifiers for the bacteria. (Sharma 2007). Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and oxidase oxidizes dichlorophenol indophenols from colorless to blue or red. (Benson 2001). The microorganisms present in the given samples can be isolated using the serial dilution technique and plated in the culture medium. The organisms are either gram positive or gram negative. The results obtained from the biochemical tests are used for the identification of the bacteria up to the genus level. (Reed et al. 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is identified as the number of colony forming units. Colony forming units are then used to identify the number of bacteria present in the given diluted sample (Reed et al, 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is calculated using the formula: Number of cells per gram = (Number of colonies (CFUs)) / (dilution x amount plated). The main objectives of this study are 1. Isolation of individual colonies from the given Probiotics, mozzarella cheese and camembert cheese samples. 2. Identification of the bacteria present in the given samples using the biochemical tests. Results: Table 1: food type and the morphological characteristics: Food type characteristics Probiotics 10-6 Circular, cream, raised and undulate Camembert 10-5 Pink, circular, convex and entire Camembert 10-4 Cream, punkiform , entire and convex Mozzarella 10-4 Brown, entire , circular Table 2: Colony count data Sample x10-3 x10-4 x10-5 x10-6 x10-7 probiotic - Greater than 300 Greater than 300 246 - Final count - 3 x 10^8 CFU / ml 3 x 10^9 CFU / ml 2.49 x 10^9 CFU / ml - Camembert 210 104 44 - - Final count 2.1 x 10^6 CFU /g 1.04 x 10^7 CFU / g 4.4 x 10^6 CFU / g - - Mozzarella 3 1 0 - - Final count 3 x 10^4 CFU / g 1x 10^5 CFU / g - - - Figure 1: The number of cells present in the given samples versus the dilution factor: Sample Colony characteristics Food characteristics Catalase Oxidase Gram stain String t est Agglutination Probiotics 10-6 Soured , acidic Circular, cream, raised and undulate x x Positive (blue colored rod shaped cells) v X ( no agglutination was formed ) Probiotics 10-5, Soured , acidic C

Politics and Policy Reform In The US Research Paper

Politics and Policy Reform In The US - Research Paper Example During the Golden age, America was faced with the difficulties caused by increased industrialization and urbanization. The challenges prompted the government and political leader to advocate policies to control the emerging big businesses and the welfare of the general public. The federal income tax policy was passed during this time. Moreover, the outcry of the populist reform agenda ensured that senators were directly elected by the people to represent the government of the state in legislation and other national policies. These policies were driven by a progressive movement who late formed a political party in 1912 (Rutgers, 2014). However, the policies have the support from both the Republicans and the Democrats. President Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, as well as William Howard, argued that they were Progressives. Policy issues have been emanating from the public and unto the politics. The group of writer’s journalist referred to as the muckrakers were responsible for noticing the failure of the American society in early 1900. They build public awareness of the need for change to avert the emergence of a crisis. For example, The Shame of the Cities written by Steffens’ attached the corruption in the municipal councils. Moreover, History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the malpractices of John Rockefeller’s (Rutgers, 2014). These issues raised by public entities formed the basis of a major political appointee to the office of the President (Rutgers, 2014). The history of health care reform date back to late 1800 until the passage of the recent health Acts by the Senate. It has been over a century for the establishment of a government universal health care (Palmer, 1999). An earlier political leader had argued that they were on the roadmap to success, but they ended up failing during a vote in Congress.  

He effect mass media's Female beauty ideal on female adolescents' Research Paper

He effect mass media's Female beauty ideal on female adolescents' self-perception - Research Paper Example The media exemplifies female beauty based on thinness and flawlessness – unrealistic and unattainable physical attributes for anyone, even the featured model(s). These images can have negative affects on female adolescents’ self-perception. Body image is central to adolescent girls’ self-definition because they have been lead to believe that appearance is an important basis for self-evaluation and for public evaluation (Thompson, Heinberg, Altabe, &Tantleff-Dunn, 1999). Awareness of constant public evaluation and the internalization of the gaze of others lead young girls to self-monitor, and in turn judge their own appearance. (Advertising Educational Foundation Inc., 2003). Social comparison is another aspect that plays a significant role in female adolescents’ self-perception (Anderson et al., 2001). By comparing oneself to and attempting to fit such a stringent beauty ideal, female youth faces inevitable failure, resulting in body dissatisfaction, low s elf-esteem, and/or eating disorders (Heinberg, 1996; Rodin & Striegel-Moore, 1985; Thompson & Stice, 2001). Adolescents are vulnerable and easily influenced, and research demonstrates that adolescent females are directly affected by the stereotypes and thin images that depict female beauty in mainstream media. â€Å"Many adolescents are concerned with bodily characteristics and physical attractiveness, and the media is filled with people who exemplify a cultural ideal of beauty that is difficult for most adolescents to attain. For females, a critical part of this ideal is being thin† (Anderson et al., 2001). Exposure to these ideals and images has lead to distorted beliefs and definitions of beauty amongst young girls. One study shows female adolescents’ distorted description of the ideal girl, i.e., 5ft 7in., 100lb, size 5, with long blond hair and blue eyes (Nichter & Nichter, 1991). The problem with such a view is that adolescents often tend to relate themselves to it and attempt to change themselves accordingly. Previous studies have examined the negative effects that fashion magazines have on female adolescents. This study uses such literature to dive deeper into this problem, aiming to gather a better understanding of how time spent, repeated exposure, and both direct and indirect pressures from various media (TV, Internet, magazines) impacts self-perception amongst adolescent girls. Specifically focusing on girls’ ages 13-17, the goal of this study is to point out the effects the unrealistic female beauty ideal promoted by the mass media has on their self-esteem and body-esteem, given that adolescence is such an influential developmental stage. Literature Review Media or what is generally referred to as mass media is any form of communication that simultaneously reaches a large number of people, it is represented and not limited to TV, newspapers, magazines, films, books and billboards (Wimmer ). Given these multiple forms of media it has become possible to access a number of them at any given time. This explains why they have been so effective in influencing our culture, changing beliefs, tastes, interests and behavior (Biagi). It has become an important aspect in dictating what people consider as ideal. The most affected

Sports and Academic Achievement Essay Example for Free

Sports and Academic Achievement Essay Many studies have been done regarding the positive impact that athletics has on a student’s life. Studies have looked at the physical impact that athletics has on a student’s life like sportsmanship, healthy lifestyle, discipline, strategy, and time management. We will be looking at studies that have explored the impact that athletics has on students’ academic abilities. Academic success can be measured in many ways but we will explore grade point averages, math and English test scores, and graduation success rates to show the positive impact athletics has on a student’s academic abilities. Introduction Participating in athletics offers students the opportunity to learn valuable lessons they can use for the rest of their lives. Some lessons include teamwork, self-esteem, perseverance, discipline, time management, and healthy living. However, these lessons are not the only lessons a student learns. Students also learn lessons that carry over into the classroom and have a positive impact on academic achievement. These lessons include increased memory, diligence, time management, and memory capacity which can be supported by scientist that have researched the impact of physical activity on the brain. These studies have concluded that exercise causes â€Å"neurogenesis†, the process of growing cells in the brain therefore, increasing memory and learning capacities (Blaydes, 2011). The National Federation of State High School Associations in their 2008, â€Å"The Case for High School Activities† article shows that the return on investment on athletic programs and other extr acurricular activities is very high. Look more:  essay on perseverance â€Å"At a cost of only one to three percent (or less in many cases) of an overall school’s budget, high school activity programs are one of the best bargins around. It is in these vital programs – sports, music, speech, drama, debate – where young people learn lifelong lessons as that compliment the academic lessons taught in the classroom† (p. 1) Students who participate in athletics will experience greater academic success than students who do not participate in athletics. Using various research studies I will support this hypothesis by detailing the correlations between academic achievement and athletic participation. Students who participate in athletics have higher grade point averages (GPA), higher Math and English scores, and obtain higher levels of graduation rates and continue on to higher education. Grade Point Averages of athletes vs. non-athletes One of the measurements of academic success is grade point averages. High grade point averages indicate one’s diligence, perseverance and desire to succeed. Students who participate in athletics have higher GPA’s than students who do not participate in athletics. The 2002 study conducted by Schaben and Stevens of middle school students showed that students who participated in athletics had an average GPA of 3.15 compared to nonathletic students which carried an average GPA of 2.4 (p. 38). Another study of high school students by Stegman and Stephens (2000) found that both male and female students that had low athletic participation carried lower GPA’s. Male students in the 12th grade that did not participate in athletics carried an average GPA of 3.04 compared to 3.18 of male 12th graders that did participate. Female students in the 12th grade that did not participate in athletics carried an average GPA of 3.28 compared to 3.62 of female 12th grades that did participate (p. 3). Athletic participation directly impacts grade point averages of students that participate; therefore, students who participate in athletics have more academic success than students who do not participate in athletics. Math and English scores of athletes vs. non-athletes High math scores indicate academic success because it shows a student’s ability for problem solving, logical thinking and calculations. High English scores indicate academic success in students by way of writing abilities and communication abilities. Students who participate in athletics have higher Math and English grades than students who do not participate in athletics. Students who participated in athletics were found to have an average final grade of 74.5 in Math and 74.6 in English. Students that did not participate in athletics were found to have an average final grade of 715 in Math and 70.3 in English (Zaugg, 1998, p. 68). A North Carolina High School study of students who participate in athletics found that students who did not participate in athletics had an average Math grade of 57.9 and 50.8 for English compared to those students who did participate that had an average Math grade of 66.1 and 61.4 in English (2001, NCHSAA Bulletin, p. 2). Studies have consistently shown that participation in athletics directly impacts a student’s scores in Math and English to be higher than students that do not participate in athletics. Graduation Rates of athletes vs. non-athletes Students who participate in athletics have higher graduation rates and continue on to higher learning more often than students who do not participate in athletics. This is an academic success indicator because the athletic student is graduation and continuing on in their academic success in college. The National Center for Education Statistics followed high school athletes 8 years after graduation and found that elite athletes and varsity athletes are more than 1.70 times more likely to have postsecondary education (2005, Carlson, Planty, Scott, and Thompson, p. 11). Male students who do not participate in athletics are 4% less likely to obtain a college degree than those males students who did participate in athletics. There was a similar correlation between female non-athletes and female athletes (2001, Caudill and Long, p.529). Athletic students have a higher graduation rate than non-athletic students and athletic students continue on to higher education more often than non-athlet ic students. Objection of higher academic success in athletes One objection to the impact that athletics has on academics success is a study showing that non-athletes have higher ACT/SAT scores. In the 1997 Chronicle of Education article by Jim Naughton, students that did not participate in athletics had higher ACT scores (average 21+) than students who did participate in athletics (average of 19) (p. A44). In the study of high school seniors in Eastern Tennessee (2010, Gorman, p. 80) recorded no significant difference in ACT scores between participating and non-participating students. This objection disputes the findings that athletes have more academic success than non-athletes. Conclusion As the studies have shown, the impact of athletics isn’t just physical. â€Å"Interscholastic sports also promote life skills and lessons and enhance academic performance† (Lumpkin Stokowski, 2011). Those lessons carry over in the classroom and boost grade point averages, as well as the scores of Math and English. It has been found that athletic students have a higher frequency of graduation and continue on to higher education than non-athletic students. Students who participate in athletics have more academic success than students who do not participate in athletics. References Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S. Stone, M. R. (2001). Whatever happened to the Jock, the Brain, and the Princess? : Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 429-455. doi: 10.1177/0743558401165002 Blaydes, J. (2011, Fall). How to make learning a moving experience. Seen Magazine, 13(2), 78-79. Carlson, D., Planty, M., Scott, L., Thompson, J. (2005). Statistics in Brief: What is the status of high school athletes 8 years after their senior year? (NCES 2005303). Retrieved from the National Center for Education Statistics website http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/nels88/ Caudill, S. B. Long, J. E. (1991, August). The impact of participation in intercollegiate athletics on income and graduation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 73(3), 525-531. Gorman, D. A. (2010). The effect of athletic participation on academic achievement for high school seniors in Eastern Tennessee (Doctorial dissertation). Liberty University , Lynchburg, VA. Lumpkin, A. Stokowski, S. (2011, Spring). Interscholastic sports: A character-building privilege. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 47(3), 124-8. National Federation of State High School Associations. (2008). The case for high school activities. (NFHS Report). Retrieved from Oregon School Activities Association website: www.osaa.org/osaainfo/08CaseForHSActivities.pdf Naughton, J. (1997). Athletes on top-ranked teams lack grades and test scores of other students. Chronicle of Higher Education, 43(46), 43-44. Schaben, L. A. Stephens, L. J. (2000, February). The effect of interscholastic sports participation on academic achievements of middle level school students. NASSP Bulletin, 86(34), 34-41. doi: 10.1177/019263650208663005 Stegman, M. Stephens, L. J. (2000). Athletics and academics: are they compatible? High School Magazine, 7(6), 36-9. Unknown. (2001, Fall). High school athletes outperform nonathletes again by wide margins in massive statewide academic study. North Carolina High School Athletic Association Bulletin, 54(1), 2. Zaugg, H. (1998). Academic comparison of athletes and non-athletes in a rural high school. NASSP Bulletin, 82, 63-72. doi: 10.1177/019263659808259910

Hepatoprotective Effect of Pomegranate: Histological Study

Hepatoprotective Effect of Pomegranate: Histological Study ORIGINAL ARTICLE A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF POMEGRANATE, IN MINOCYCLINE TREATED GUINEA PIGS Dr. M. Nadeem Siddiqui Dr. Sarwath Fatimee Dr. Hemant Kumar Dr. Bashir A. Sheikh ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the hepatoprotective effects of pomegranate on drug induced autoimmune hepatitis produced by minocycline. Material and Method: This experimental study was conducted in the department of anatomy, basic medical sciences institute, Jinnah post-graduate medical centre, Karachi. 30 adult male guinea pigs taken and divided in three groups, A, B and C, respectively with each group having 10 animals, Group A served as control, Group B was treated with minocycline 0.02mg/Gram body weight and Group C was given the minocycline along with pomegranate in the dose of 0.9 mg/ Gram body weight. On the completion of study, the animals were sacrificed and liver were removed for the histological examination under light microscopy in haematoxylin eosin staining. Results: The HE stained slides were studied and showed the normal architecture of liver in group A animals, distorted pattern of hepatic cords with marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in group B animals, and less altered pattern of hepatic cords with less infiltration of inflammatory cells in group C animals approximately similar architecture to control group. Conclusion: Use of pomegranate with minocycline can prevent hepatic damage particularly the autoimmune hepatitis. KEY WORDS: Minocycline, Pomegranate , hepatotoxicity , autoimmune hepatitis. INTRODUCTION Drugs are the most common cause of liver injury. More than 900 drugs toxins and herbs have been reported to cause liver injury.1 Drug induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIAH) has been reported to be caused by several drugs.2 Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the liver.3 marked by prominent infiltration of inflammatory cells.4it is an acute and potentially severe side effect, particularly often reported after the long term use of minocycline.5 A significant proportion of patients with autoimmune hepatitis have drug induced hepatitis, mainly because of this drug.6 Minocycline, a semi synthetic, broad spectrum antimicrobial tetracycline available since 1972 is widely prescribed as systemic antibiotic for acne vulgaris which is given for a prolonged period ( month to years).6 Foods rich in natural antioxidants have been proposed as a tool to prevent and cure liver damage.7 The pomegranate is one of the important dietary sources, that exhibits strong anti oxidant and an ti-inflammatory properties.8 Its main constitute, ellagic acid, have been proven to antagonize in vitro to inhibit the pro-inflammatory mechanisms.9 MATERIAL METHOD This experimental study was conducted for 8 weeks by taking 30 adult male guinea pigs of 450-650 weight at animal house of BMSI, JPMC, Karachi and divided them into three main groups i.e., A,B and C that comprises 10 animals each and receiving standard laboratory diet ad labitum. Group A served as control, group B was given minocycline 0.02 mg /G body weight / day orally based on human consumption for the duration of one year, while group C was given minocycline in the same dose along with pomegranate 0.9 mg /G body weight /day orally. At the end of the experimental period, all the animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and liver was removed to be fixed in 10% formalin for 24-48 hours. The tissue samples taken from the organ were then dehydrated in ascending strength of alcohol, cleared in xylene, infiltrated and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue blocks were made and 4-5 ÃŽ ¼m thick sections were obtained by cutting them with microtome. The sections then mounted on glass slide s and were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The morphological changes in normal architecture of liver lobule were observed under light microscope with the help of 8X ocular, 40X objectives and graded according to the infiltration of inflammatory cells within the three zones of hepatic lobule 8. The grading was done as follows: Grade O (normal N) : no infiltration of infiltration of inflammatory cells in any zone. Grade I (mild M+) : infiltration of inflammatory cells within zone I Grade II (moderate M++) : infiltration of inflammatory cells within zone II Grade III (marked M+++) : infiltration of inflammatory cells within zone III RESULTS The present study was design to observe the minocycline treated animal and pomegranate protected animal in guinea pigs. Observations and results of microscopic examination were compared with control animal. The minocycline treated group B animal showed the distorted pattern of hepatic cords, dilated central vein with marked congestion, and some swollen hepatocytes with piknotic nuclei. Areas of marked infiltration of inflammatory cells especially lymphocytes and plasma cells observed in zone III of hepatic lobule. The microscopic examination of pomegranate and minocycline treated group C animals showed the architecture of hepatic lobule in comparison to control group A that is less distorted of hepatic cords and less dilated central vein, while infiltration of inflammatory cells is markedly decreased and limited to zone I when compared to group B animals n: number of animals N: normal M+ : Mild. M+++ : Marked DISCUSSION The histological examination of hepatic lobules in haemotoxylin and eosin stained sections of control group A showed normal architecture as described by Young et al.10,11 In the minocycline treated animals of group B the architecture of hepatic lobule has markedly changed when compared to group A. It showed the irregular distorted pattern of hepatic cords, increase in vascularity and irregular shape of hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei. This is in agreement with Lawrenson et al. who described the comparative changes in hepatic architecture after the use of minocycline that showed the necrotic and inflammatory changes with distorted pattern of hepatic cords.12 This is also concluded by Kumar et al. who also showed the necrotic changes and plasma cell infiltration with distorted pattern of hepatic cords in autoimmune hepatitis.13 Group C animals treated with pomegranate and minocycline simultaneously demonstrate the protective effects on hepatic architecture. The hepatic cords showed regular arrangement of and the hepatocytes were normal in shape, while the hepatic lobules showed less accumulation of inflammatory cells when compared to Group B animals. This is in accordance with the study of Novarro et al. who proved that after the treatment of pomegranate in hepatoma the pattern of distorted hepatic cords become normal.14 This is also in concurrence with the study of Middha et al. who concluded that utilization of pomegranate, ultimately improve the hepatic architecture by providing the protection against oxidative damage.15 CONCLUSION From the results of this study, it can be concluded that pomegranate has proved to be highly effective in preventing the hepatic damage produced by minocycline particularly minocycline induced autoimmune hepatitis. So use of pomegranate should be promoted in daily life, particularly in those patients who are on long term minocycline treatment. Figure 1: HE stained 4 micron thick sections of minocycline treated liver, showing dilated central vein (CV), distorted hepatic cords with numerous pyknotic nuclei (PN) and marked infiltration of inflammatory cells (IC). (Photomicrograph X400). Figure 2: HE stained section 4 micron thick of pomegranate protected in minocycline treated liver, showing less dilated central vein (CV), more regular hepatic cords (HC) with normal nuclei and less infiltration of inflammatory cells (IC). (Photomicrograph X 400). REFERENCES Mehta N, Ozick L. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity.Mar 28 2008, From http:// emedicine.medscape.com/article/169814.: Bjà ¶rnsson E, Talwalkar J, Treeprasertsuk S, Kamath PS, Takahashi N, Sanderson S, Neuhauser M, Lindor K. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology. 2010 Jun;51(6):2040-8. Manns MP and Vogel A. Autoimmune Hepatitis, From Mechanisms to Therapy.  HEPATOLOGY2006;43:S132-S144. Aldenhoven M, van Enk JG, Avis WA. Czaja AJ. Minocycline-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2013;157(3):A5465. Drug induced hepatitis with autoimmune features during minocycline therapy. Abe M, Furukawa S, Takayama S, Mlchitaka K, Mlnami H, Yamamoto K, Horiike N and Onji M.Internal Medicine. 2003; 42 (1): 48-52. Antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect of pomegranate peel and whey powders in rats. Ashoush IS, El-Batawy OI, El-Shourbagy GA. Annals of Agriculture Science ;2013: 58 (1): 27-32. Coursodon-Boyiddle CF , Snarrenberg CL,. Adkins-Rieck CK, Bassaganya-Riera J,2 Raquel Hontecillas R, Peter Lawrence P, Brenna JT, Jouni ZE, and DvorakB. Pomegranate seed oil reduces intestinal damage in a rat model of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012 September 15; 303(6): G744–G751. Dell’Agli, M, Galli ,GV,Bulgari, M, Basillico, N, Romeo, S, Bhattacharya D, Taramelli, D, and Bosisio, E 2010, ‘Ellagitannins of the fruit rind of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) antagonist in vitro the host of inflammatory response mechanisms involved in onset of malaria’, Malaria journal, vol. 9, pp. 208. Young B, Lowe JS, Stevens A, Heath JW. Wheater’s Functional Histology ; A Text and Colour Atlas. 2006 :290-294. Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Braunwald E, Hauser SL, Jameson JL. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 2005; 16th Edition: 1808. Lawrenson RA, Seaman HE, Sundstrom A, Williams TJ, Farmer RDT. Liver damage associated with minocycline use in acne. 2001;4: 333-349. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN. Robbins Basic Pathology.8th Edition. 2007; 8th Edition: 633. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC. Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 2010; 8th  Edition: 855 Navarro M, Amigo-Benavent M, Mesias M, Baeza G, Gokmen V, Bravo L, Moralesa FJ. An Oxidative pomegranate seed extract ameliorates oxidative stress of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture. 2014; 94: 162-167. Midha SK, Usha T, Pannde V. AReview on antihypergycemic and hepatoprotective activity of Eco-Friendly Punica Granatum peel waste. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013. From http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/656172.